Overview
Sjogren’s Syndrome, named after Swedish physician Henrik Sjogren, is a common autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the salivary and lacrimal glands (tear-producing glands). It primarily affects females, often in the elderly age group (50-60 years), but younger individuals (20-40 years) can also be affected.
Causes
The exact cause of Sjogren’s Syndrome is unknown. However, it is believed to result from an interaction between genetic factors and environmental triggers, such as viral infections. Menopause is also a known risk factor.
Symptoms
Common Symptoms:
- Dry mouth: Difficulty chewing dry foods, frequent need to sip water, dryness of throat when speaking for long periods, increased risk of dental caries.
- Dry eyes: Pricking sensation or grittiness in the eyes, need for artificial tears.
- Dry and itchy skin, fatigue, swelling, and pain in the joints, reddish skin rashes over the legs, swelling beyond the cheeks.
Uncommon Symptoms:
- Pins and needle sensation in the hands and feet, weakness in the legs, shortness of breath, cough if lungs are affected, digestive problems, anemia, low white blood cell count, and low platelet count.
Symptoms can remain steady, worsen, or rarely go into remission. Some people experience mild discomfort, while others suffer debilitating symptoms that significantly impair their functioning.
Diagnosis
Sjogren’s Syndrome is diagnosed through a combination of patient-reported symptoms and clinical signs observed by doctors. Diagnostic tests may include:
- Blood tests, including tests for antinuclear antibodies.
- High-resolution ultrasound of the parotid glands.
- In doubtful cases, a biopsy may be required to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment
- Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing Sjogren’s Syndrome. Treatment options include:
- Symptomatic Treatment: Painkillers and low-dose steroids for joint pain, artificial tears, and saliva substitutes for dry eyes and mouth.
- Immunomodulator Drugs: Used to control the disease, especially if the lungs, joints, and kidneys are affected. Treatment is long-term, with drug doses adjusted based on the disease condition. Once the disease is under control, treatment is gradually tapered and stopped.
Complications
- Dry eyes can lead to blindness.
- Mouth infections and dental caries.
Health Tips
- Use goggles when going outside, especially in dry and humid weather.
- Frequently sip water, chew gum, or use lozenges for dry mouth.
- Use moisturizing lotion for dry skin.
- Engage in regular exercise to maintain ideal body weight and perform stretching exercises for upper and lower limbs to preserve joint mobility.
- Avoid exercise during disease flare-ups.
Diet
While there is no specific diet for Sjogren’s Syndrome, a healthy diet is recommended:
- Rich in green leafy vegetables, fruits, and fiber.
- Low in refined carbohydrates and fat.
- Limit intake of red meat and certain pulses, which can increase joint pain.
- Foods rich in antioxidants and supplements like cinnamon and ginger may help alleviate symptoms.
- There is no scientific evidence supporting the use of nutritional supplements to boost immunity, and such products are discouraged.
Lifestyle
- Stop smoking and avoid alcohol, as smoking increases the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in genetically predisposed individuals.
- Immersing hands or feet in lukewarm salt water for 15-20 minutes can help improve early morning stiffness.